Israel’s unprecedented attacks on Iran had at their core an elusive and high-risk goal: eradicating the country’s controversial nuclear program.

The Israeli air force struck storage and missile-launch infrastructure in western Iran on Sunday, Israel’s military said, as attacks in Iran entered a third day.

Starting at 10:45 pm local time on Saturday, Israel used an aerial corridor across Tehran to strike more than 80 targets, he said, including what he called a nuclear command center and fuel depots tha...